What is ionization?

Ionization refers to the process where an atom or a molecule acquires a positive or negative charge by gaining or losing electrons. This occurs when energy is applied to the atom, which is sufficient to overcome the binding energy of the electrons in a particular shell. As a result of losing one or more electrons, the atom becomes a positively charged ion, while if it gains extra electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion.

This process is fundamental in various fields, including nuclear physics and chemistry. It is particularly important in understanding how radiation interacts with matter. When high-energy radiation, such as gamma rays or X-rays, passes through a material, it can cause ionization by knocking electrons off atoms in the material, leading to subsequent chemical reactions and effects.

The concept of ionization is key for radiological workers, as their jobs often involve working with materials and environments where ionizing radiation is present. Understanding ionization helps in recognizing the potential biological effects on human organisms and the necessary precautions to protect against radiation exposure.